What is the nasal cavity?
The nose is subdivided into a left and right nasal cavity.
So it is where you pick for gold.
So it is where you pick for gold.
What are the choanae?
The posterior apertures/openings of the nose.
The choanae is the space between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx. It is just a space, no structure to pin.
The choanae is the space between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx. It is just a space, no structure to pin.
Describe the anatomical structures through which air flows in the nose.
Air enters through anterior apertures called nares, travels through the nasal cavity, and finally exits through posterior aperatures called choanae into the nasopharynx.
What five functions do the nasal cavities function in?
-Respiration
-Olfaction
-Filtration of dust
-Humidification of air
-Reception of secretions from paranasal sinuses & nasolacrimal duct.
{NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OPENS INTO THE INFERIOR MEATUS OF NOSE TO BE EXACT}
-Olfaction
-Filtration of dust
-Humidification of air
-Reception of secretions from paranasal sinuses & nasolacrimal duct.
{NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OPENS INTO THE INFERIOR MEATUS OF NOSE TO BE EXACT}
What is the roof of the nasal cavity?
The roof is divided into 3 parts; (frontonasal, ethmoidal and sphenoidal) that are named from the bones that form them.
What is the floor of the nasal cavity?
The floor is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of the palatine bone.
What is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Lateral walls are formed by the nasal conchae (clinically known as the turbinates).{SUP ND MIDDLE CONCHA R ELEVATIONS FRM THE LABYRINTH OF ETHMOID ND INF CONCHA IS A SEPARATE BONE}
What are the three components of the nasal septum?
1. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone.
2. Vomer.
3. Septal cartilage
Note: The nasal septum does not have the septal cartilage in the cadaver.
2. Vomer.
3. Septal cartilage
Note: The nasal septum does not have the septal cartilage in the cadaver.
What is the originated arterial structures for the arterial supply to the nasal septum?
The nasal septum is supplied by branches of the maxillary and ophthalmic arteries.
What are the branches off of the ophthalmic artery that supplies the nasal septum?
The septal branches of the anterior ethmoidal and the posterior ethmoidal arteries are branches off the ophthalmic artery.
What are the branches off of the maxillary artery that supplies the nasal septum?
The septal branch of the sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries are branches off the maxillary artery.
What can the septal branch of the sphenopalatine artery anastomose with in the incisive fossa?
WIth the distal branch of the greater palatine artery.
What is Kiesselback's area?
An anastomosis of four or five named arteries that supply the anteroinferior region of the nasal septum.
It is an area commonly involved in chronic epistaxis.
It is an area commonly involved in chronic epistaxis.
What is epistaxis? Where does it most common occur and what structures are involved?
Epistaxis (nosebleed) is relatively common and in most cases the cause is trauma where the bleeding is generally located in the anterior third of the nose.
It results from the rupture of arteries particularly at the site of anastomosis of the sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries.
Mild epistaxis is often associated with nose picking which tears veins. Epistaxis can also be associated with infection and hypertension.
It results from the rupture of arteries particularly at the site of anastomosis of the sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries.
Mild epistaxis is often associated with nose picking which tears veins. Epistaxis can also be associated with infection and hypertension.
What SA fibers are found in the nasal septum?
V1 and V2 branches are responsible for somatic sensation (SA) in the nasal septum.
-anterior ethmoidal (V1),
-nasopalatine (V2),
-internal branch of the infraorbital nerve (V2),
-Posterior (superior & inferior) medial nasal nerves (V2).
-anterior ethmoidal (V1),
-nasopalatine (V2),
-internal branch of the infraorbital nerve (V2),
-Posterior (superior & inferior) medial nasal nerves (V2).
What autonomic fibers are found in the nasal septum?
Sym/post fibers for blood flow regulation. From PPG.
Para/post fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) for secretomotor innervation of the mucous glands.
Para/post fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) for secretomotor innervation of the mucous glands.
Where does the nasopalatine nerve come off of?
Directly off of the PPG. It carries SA fibers which course back through the maxillary nerve (V2).
What bones form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Superior concha
Middle concha
Inferior concha
Note: The superior and middle conchae are part of the ethmoid bone. The inferior concha is a separate bone by itself. On the skull when looking head on can only see the middle and inferior conchae.
Middle concha
Inferior concha
Note: The superior and middle conchae are part of the ethmoid bone. The inferior concha is a separate bone by itself. On the skull when looking head on can only see the middle and inferior conchae.
What is the different between concha and turbinate?
Putting mucosa over the concha makes it a turbinate.
Name the four air channels between the conchae.
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus
Note: the air channel is name below the structure. So the inferior meatus is below the inferior concha.
Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus
Note: the air channel is name below the structure. So the inferior meatus is below the inferior concha.
What is the originated arterial structures for the arterial supply to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
The lateral wall of each nasal cavity is supplied by branches of the ophthalmic, facial & maxillary artery.
What are the branches off of the ophthalmic artery that supplies the nasal cavity?
The anterior & posterior ethmoidal arteries are branches off the ophthalmic artery.
What are the branches off of the facial artery that supplies the nasal cavity?
The lateral nasal artery is a branch off the facial artery.
What are the branches off of the maxillary artery that supplies the nasal cavity?
The sphenopalatine artery is a branch off the maxillary artery.
What SA fibers are found in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
V1 and V2 branches provide somatic sensation (SA) for the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
-anterior ethmoidal (V1),
-internal branch of the infraorbital nerve (V2),
-posterior (superior & inferior) lateral nasal nerves (V2).
-anterior ethmoidal (V1),
-internal branch of the infraorbital nerve (V2),
-posterior (superior & inferior) lateral nasal nerves (V2).
What CN is found in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
The olfactory nerve for special sense of smell (SS).
What autonomic fibers are found in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Symp/post fibers for blood flow regulation.
Para/post fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion for secretomotor innervation of the mucous glands.
Para/post fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion for secretomotor innervation of the mucous glands.
Compare the blood supply for the septal wall and the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
Septal wall:
-Septal branch of the anterior ethmoidal artery
-Septal branch of the posterior ethmoidal artery
-Septal branch of the sphenopalatine artery
-Distal portion of the greater palatine artery
Lateral wall:
-Anterior ethmoidal artery
-Posterior ethmoidal artery
-Sphenopalatine artery
-Lateral nasal artery
-Septal branch of the anterior ethmoidal artery
-Septal branch of the posterior ethmoidal artery
-Septal branch of the sphenopalatine artery
-Distal portion of the greater palatine artery
Lateral wall:
-Anterior ethmoidal artery
-Posterior ethmoidal artery
-Sphenopalatine artery
-Lateral nasal artery
Compare the innervation for the septal wall and the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
Septal wall:
Anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Olfactory epithelium/area (CN I)
Internal branch of the infraorbital nerve (V2)
Nasopalatine nerve (V2)
Posterior (superior/inferior) medial nasal nerves (V2)
Lateral wall:
Anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Olfactory epithelium/area (CN I)
Internal branch of the infraorbital nerve (V2)
Posterior (superior/inferior) lateral nasal nerves (V2)
Anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Olfactory epithelium/area (CN I)
Internal branch of the infraorbital nerve (V2)
Nasopalatine nerve (V2)
Posterior (superior/inferior) medial nasal nerves (V2)
Lateral wall:
Anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Olfactory epithelium/area (CN I)
Internal branch of the infraorbital nerve (V2)
Posterior (superior/inferior) lateral nasal nerves (V2)
What are paranasal sinuses? List them.
Paranasal sinuses are air-filled extensions of the respiratory portion of the nasal cavity. All of the sinuses are lined with mucosa.
These extensions lead into 4 cranial bones:
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxilla
These extensions lead into 4 cranial bones:
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxilla
What are the three parts of the ethmoid sinus?
1. Anterior ethmoidal air cells.
2. Middle ethmoidal air cells.
3. Posterior ethmoidal air cells.
2. Middle ethmoidal air cells.
3. Posterior ethmoidal air cells.
Where do the anterior ethmoidal air cells of the ethmoidal sinus eventually drain into?
The middle meatus.
Where do the middle ethmoidal air cells of the ethmoidal sinus eventually drain into?
The middle meatus.
Where do the posterior ethmoidal air cells of the ethmoidal sinus eventually drain into?
The superior meatus.
Where does the lacrimal sac eventually drain into?
The inferior meatus.
Note: the lacrimal sac was with respect to the orbit lecture.
Note: the lacrimal sac was with respect to the orbit lecture.
What is the hard palate formed by?
The hard palate is formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones.
What is present in the upper alveolar arch?
The upper alveolar arch contains 16 total teeth which consists of incisors, canines, premolars and molars.
What are the three openings in the oral aspect of the hard palate?
1. Incisive canal
2. Greater palatine foramen
3. Lesser palatine foramen
2. Greater palatine foramen
3. Lesser palatine foramen
What passes through the incisive canal?
The nasopalatine (V2) nerve and the sphenopalatine artery (posterior septal br.) pass through the incisive canal.
What passes through the greater and lesser palatine foramen?
The greater palatine (V2) and lesser palatine (V2) nerves & vessels pass through the greater palatine & lesser palatine foramen respectively.
Which palatine nerve contains SS-taste fibers?
SS-taste fibers also course through the lesser palatine nerve and supply the soft palate.
Thus, the greater palatine nerve does NOT contain SS-taste fibers.
Thus, the greater palatine nerve does NOT contain SS-taste fibers.
Where do the nasopalatine, greater and lesser palatine nerves come from? What are their functional components?
These nerves are branches off the pterygopalatine ganglion and contain SA, para/post and sym/post fibers.
What do the greater and lesser palatine neurovasculature supply?
Greater palatine neurovasculature supplies the hard palate while the lesser palatine neurovasculature supplies the soft palate.
What CN innervates the palatine glands?
CN 7. Para/pre from CN 7 via the greater petrosal enters the PPG and gives para/post to the palatine glands.
What are the transverse folds of mucous membrane of the palate?
These are the folds of mucosa over the hard palate posterior to the incisors.
Where do you find the openings of the palatine ducts?
As small holes throughout the the mucosa in the hard palate.
What strengthens the soft palate?
The soft palate is strengthened by the palatine aponeurosis which is formed by the tensor veli palatini muscle.
What is the soft palate continuous with?
Laterally, the soft palate is continuous with the wall of the pharynx and is joined to the tongue and pharynx by the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches.
What are the five pairs of muscles in the soft palate?
1. tensor veli palatini,
2. levator veli palatini,
3. palatoglossus,
4. palatopharyngeus (also considered part of the pharynx),
5. musculus uvulae.
2. levator veli palatini,
3. palatoglossus,
4. palatopharyngeus (also considered part of the pharynx),
5. musculus uvulae.
What does the soft palate do when swallowing?
When a person swallows, the soft palate is initially tensed to allow the tongue to press against it, squeezing the bolus of food towards the back of the oral cavity.
It is then elevated posteriorly and superiorly against the wall of the pharynx, thereby preventing passage of food into the nasal cavity.
It is then elevated posteriorly and superiorly against the wall of the pharynx, thereby preventing passage of food into the nasal cavity.
What do the mucosa of the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches lie over?
The palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles.
What is between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches?
Between the arches lies the palatine tonsils (or "the tonsils") which are masses of lymphoid tissue that lie in a tonsillar sinus or fossa.
What are the fauces?
The fauces is the aperture leading from the mouth into the oropharynx.
It is bounded by the soft palate (superiorly), palatoglossal arches (laterally) and the dorsum of the tongue (inferiorly).
It is bounded by the soft palate (superiorly), palatoglossal arches (laterally) and the dorsum of the tongue (inferiorly).
What is tonsillitis?
Tonsillitis is the inflammation of a tonsil.
Severe enlargement of the palatine tonsils (due to a bacterial or viral infection, as in tonsillitis) may significantly narrow the opening between the oral cavity and oropharynx causing difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia).
Severe enlargement of the palatine tonsils (due to a bacterial or viral infection, as in tonsillitis) may significantly narrow the opening between the oral cavity and oropharynx causing difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia).
What is the general function of the muscles of the soft palate?
The muscles of the soft palate elevate in order to seal off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. These muscles (along with the suprahyoid and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles) help elevate the larynx and shorten (by elevation) the pharynx.
In which phase of deglutition are the muscles in the soft palate involved?
The second stage, which is involuntary and rapid.
What is the innervation and function of the Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle?
Innervation: V3
Function: tenses soft palate
Function: tenses soft palate
What is the innervation and function of the Levator Veli Palatini Muscle?
Innervation: CN X
Function: elevates soft palate
Function: elevates soft palate
What is the innervation and function of the Musculus Uvulae Muscle?
Innervation: CN X
Function: shortens uvula and pulls it superiorly
Function: shortens uvula and pulls it superiorly
What is the innervation and function of the Palatoglossus Muscle?
Innervation: CN X
Function: elevates posterior part of tongue and depresses soft palate.
Function: elevates posterior part of tongue and depresses soft palate.
What is the innervation and function of the Palatopharyngeus Muscle?
Innervation: CN X
Function: depress soft palate and pulls walls of pharynx superiorly, anteriorly and medially during swallowing.
Function: depress soft palate and pulls walls of pharynx superiorly, anteriorly and medially during swallowing.
What is the pterygopalatine fossa?
The pterygopalatine fossa is a small pyramidal space inferior to the apex of the orbit.
It is medial to the infratemporal fossa and lateral to the nasal cavity.
Contents include the maxillary nerve (V2), pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) and 3rd part of the maxillary artery and its branches.
It is medial to the infratemporal fossa and lateral to the nasal cavity.
Contents include the maxillary nerve (V2), pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) and 3rd part of the maxillary artery and its branches.
What is the roof of the pterygopalatine fossa?
The roof is incomplete and formed by the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.
What is the anterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Anterior wall is the posterior surface of the maxilla.
What is the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Posterior wall is the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.
What is the medial wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Medial wall is the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone.
What is the lateral wall of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Lateral wall is the pterygomaxillary fissure.
What is the floor of the pterygopalatine fossa?
The floor is the pyramidal process of the palatine bone.
What is the pterygopalatine fossa bounded by laterally?
Laterally with the infratemporal fossa through the pterygomaxillary fissure.
What is the pterygopalatine fossa bounded by medially?
Medially with the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen.
What is the pterygopalatine fossa bounded by anterosuperiorly?
Anterosuperiorly with the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure.
What is the pterygopalatine fossa bounded by posterosuperiorly?
Posterosuperiorly with the middle cranial fossa through the foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal.
What does the maxillary nerve do once it enters the pterygopalatine fossa through the foramen rotundum?
The maxillary nerve (CN V2) enters the pterygopalatine fossa through the foramen rotundum.
Within the fossa, the maxillary nerve gives off the zygomatic nerve which itself branches into the zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal (inconstant) nerves.
Within the fossa, the maxillary nerve gives off the zygomatic nerve which itself branches into the zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal (inconstant) nerves.
What does the communicating branch connect in the nasal cavity?
A communicating branch connects the zygomaticofacial/temporal nerve to the lacrimal nerve (CN V1 branch).
It conveys para/post fibers to the lacrimal gland.
Thus, due to communicating branch half of the lacrimal nerve contains para/post = TQ!
It conveys para/post fibers to the lacrimal gland.
Thus, due to communicating branch half of the lacrimal nerve contains para/post = TQ!
What suspends the PPG?
While in the pterygopalatine fossa, the maxillary nerve also gives off the 2 pterygopalatine nerves, which suspend the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG).
How is Vidian's nerve formed?
The greater petrosal and deep petrosal nerves combine to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal (Vidian's nerve).
Where does the greater petrosal nerve come from and what functional components does it carry?
The greater petrosal nerve is a branch off the facial nerve (CN VII) and conveys para/pre fibers and SS-taste fibers from the soft palate that originated in the lesser petrosal nerve.
Note: the para/pre fibers synapse at the PPG.
Note: the para/pre fibers synapse at the PPG.
Where does the deep petrosal nerve come from and what functional components does it carry?
The deep petrosal nerve originates from the internal carotid sympathetic periarterial plexus and conveys sym/post fibers only.
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