Vocal Tract
In The articulatory system the vocal folds generate sound that is transmitted through what (source)?
pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity
In The articulatory system the vocal folds generate sound that is transmitted through what 3 cavities...p,o,n (filter)?
Articulatory System
the systemof mobile and immobile articulators brought into contact for the purpose of shaping the sounds of speech
facial
________ skeleton forms framework for organs of astication, speech, respiration, muscles of facial expression.
Mandible
(facial skeleton)
begins as paired bone with a symphysis (midline marking)
and fuses early in development to become single bone
begins as paired bone with a symphysis (midline marking)
and fuses early in development to become single bone
Mandible
(facial skeleton) Parts of the lower jaw...
Symphysis mente(where it joins together)
Mental protuberance(chin)
Ramus
Coronoid process(allows for connection of muscles and other tendons)
Condyloid process
Symphysis mente(where it joins together)
Mental protuberance(chin)
Ramus
Coronoid process(allows for connection of muscles and other tendons)
Condyloid process
Maxilla
1.paired bone that forms upper jaw
2.contributes to formation of:
roof of mouth
floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity
floor of orbit
3.each has roughly pyramidal shaped body with 4 processes
2.contributes to formation of:
roof of mouth
floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity
floor of orbit
3.each has roughly pyramidal shaped body with 4 processes
4 processes of the Maxilla
1. frontal process
2. zygomatic process
3. palatine process
4. alveolar process (lower tooth bearing ridge-contains alveoli that holds the teeth in)
2. zygomatic process
3. palatine process
4. alveolar process (lower tooth bearing ridge-contains alveoli that holds the teeth in)
Nasal Bones
(facial skeleton)
1. two small oblong plates
2. placed side by side, form bridge of nose
3.lie medial to frontal processes of maxillae
4.articulate with frontal bone, maxillae, other nasal bone
1. two small oblong plates
2. placed side by side, form bridge of nose
3.lie medial to frontal processes of maxillae
4.articulate with frontal bone, maxillae, other nasal bone
Lacrimal Bones
(Facial Skeleton)
1.smallest of facial bones
2.form part of medial wall of orbit(orbit contains eye)
1.smallest of facial bones
2.form part of medial wall of orbit(orbit contains eye)
Palatine Bones
(Facial Skeleton)
1. small, but complex
2. contribute to...
a. floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity
b. posterior 1/4 of hard palate
c. floor of orbit
3. posterior nasal spine - posteriorly directed spine that serves as landmark for x-ray study
1. small, but complex
2. contribute to...
a. floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity
b. posterior 1/4 of hard palate
c. floor of orbit
3. posterior nasal spine - posteriorly directed spine that serves as landmark for x-ray study
Zygomatic Bones
(Facial Skeleton)
1. cheekbone
2. along with zygomatic process of maxilla and temporal bone, form zygomatic arch
3.roughly quadrilateral body with 4 processes
1. cheekbone
2. along with zygomatic process of maxilla and temporal bone, form zygomatic arch
3.roughly quadrilateral body with 4 processes
Inferior Nasal conchae
(Facial Skeleton)
1.makes up INFERIOR-most aspect of lateral wall of NASAL cavity
2. very small bones on lateral surface
3. Articulate with -
Maxilla
Palatine
Ethmoid
1.makes up INFERIOR-most aspect of lateral wall of NASAL cavity
2. very small bones on lateral surface
3. Articulate with -
Maxilla
Palatine
Ethmoid
Vomer
(Facial Skeleton)
1. inferior half of bony nasal septum (INSIDE VIEW)
2.articulates below with maxillae and palatine bones
3.anterior border articulates with cartilaginous septum
1. inferior half of bony nasal septum (INSIDE VIEW)
2.articulates below with maxillae and palatine bones
3.anterior border articulates with cartilaginous septum
Ethmoid
1.not regarded as cranial bone, but contributes to facial skeleton
2.projects down between orbital plates of frontal bone
3.contributes to walls of orbit and nasal cavity
2.projects down between orbital plates of frontal bone
3.contributes to walls of orbit and nasal cavity
Sphenoid Bone
(Cranium)
1.located at base of skull, behind ethmoid, and in front of foramen magnum
2.bat with wings
3.body
4.lesser wings
5.greater wings
6.pterygoid plates
1.located at base of skull, behind ethmoid, and in front of foramen magnum
2.bat with wings
3.body
4.lesser wings
5.greater wings
6.pterygoid plates
Parietal Bone
(cranium)
This bone forms most of rounded roof of cranium
**articulates with frontal bone at coronal suture
***joined together at sagittal suture
****articulates with occipital bone at lamboid suture
This bone forms most of rounded roof of cranium
**articulates with frontal bone at coronal suture
***joined together at sagittal suture
****articulates with occipital bone at lamboid suture
Occipital Bone
(cranium)
lower and back portion of cranium
***includes foramen magnum
occipital condyles, lateral for foramen magnum, articulate with superior facets of C1
lower and back portion of cranium
***includes foramen magnum
occipital condyles, lateral for foramen magnum, articulate with superior facets of C1
Temporal bones
(Cranium)
***paired bones forming most of lateral base and sides of brain case
***squamous portion - thin, fan-shaped lower margin includes the roof of external auditory meatus (conduit for sound energy to middle ear)
lateral, anterior, superior aspect of bone
zygomatic process - with temporal process of zygomatic bone, forms zygomatic arch
***paired bones forming most of lateral base and sides of brain case
***squamous portion - thin, fan-shaped lower margin includes the roof of external auditory meatus (conduit for sound energy to middle ear)
lateral, anterior, superior aspect of bone
zygomatic process - with temporal process of zygomatic bone, forms zygomatic arch
Tympanic Portion
(cranium)
a part of the Temporal Bone
Includes the anterior and inferior walls of the external auditory meatus
a part of the Temporal Bone
Includes the anterior and inferior walls of the external auditory meatus
Buccal
(Vocal Tract Cavity)
highly variable in shape & dimension
space limited by lips and cheek externally and alveolar processes and teeth internally
highly variable in shape & dimension
space limited by lips and cheek externally and alveolar processes and teeth internally
Oral
(Vocal tract cavity)
bounded anteriorly & laterally by alveolar processes & teeth
superiorly by hard & soft palate
inferiorly by muscular floor of mouth
posteriorly by anterior faucial pillars
bounded anteriorly & laterally by alveolar processes & teeth
superiorly by hard & soft palate
inferiorly by muscular floor of mouth
posteriorly by anterior faucial pillars
Nasal
(Vocal Tract Cavity)
above oral cavity
divided sagittally by nasal septum
bounded anteriorly by nares
bounded inferiorly by roof of mouth and velum
bounded posteriorly by nasopharyngeal wall
above oral cavity
divided sagittally by nasal septum
bounded anteriorly by nares
bounded inferiorly by roof of mouth and velum
bounded posteriorly by nasopharyngeal wall
Pharynx
(a Vocal Tract Cavity)
a tube-like structure from skull base to bottom of cricoid
3 parts
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
a tube-like structure from skull base to bottom of cricoid
3 parts
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Hard Palate
Velopharyngeal Mechanism
formed by palatine processes of maxilla & palatine bones
Palatal Vault
rounded roof of mouth
formed by palatine processes of maxilla & palatine bones
Palatal Vault
rounded roof of mouth
velum
Velopharyngeal Mechanism
***muscular valve that modifies communication between oral and nasal cavities
attached to hard palate via palatal aponeurosis
nasal sounds - lowered
oral sounds - raised
***muscular valve that modifies communication between oral and nasal cavities
attached to hard palate via palatal aponeurosis
nasal sounds - lowered
oral sounds - raised
Tensor Palatini
(Soft Palate Muscle)
insert expands into palatal aponeurosis
action - TENSES and lower palatal aponeurosis
- help open eustachian tube
insert expands into palatal aponeurosis
action - TENSES and lower palatal aponeurosis
- help open eustachian tube
Levator Palatini
(Soft Palate Muscle) VELUM raiser
forms bulk of soft palate
course pull soft palate up and back to the back pharyngeal wall
forms bulk of soft palate
course pull soft palate up and back to the back pharyngeal wall
Musculus Uvulae
(Soft Palate Muscles)
origin area of posterior nasal spine
course along upper surface of soft palate, towards uvula
insert fibers terminate near uvula
action unsure
- may draw uvula superior and anterior
- may tense palate so that levator more effective
origin area of posterior nasal spine
course along upper surface of soft palate, towards uvula
insert fibers terminate near uvula
action unsure
- may draw uvula superior and anterior
- may tense palate so that levator more effective
Palatoglossus
(Soft Palate Muscle)
anterior faucial pillar
origin sides of tongue
course superior
insert lower surface of PALATAL aponeurosis
action may exert downward pull if tongue anchored
anterior faucial pillar
origin sides of tongue
course superior
insert lower surface of PALATAL aponeurosis
action may exert downward pull if tongue anchored
Palatopharyngeus
(Soft Palate Muscles)
involved in swallowing
posterior faucial pillar
origin soft palate
course inferior
insert lateral walls of PHARYNX, thyroid cartilage
action - principally to guide material through pharynx
- may contribute to PALATAL lowering
involved in swallowing
posterior faucial pillar
origin soft palate
course inferior
insert lateral walls of PHARYNX, thyroid cartilage
action - principally to guide material through pharynx
- may contribute to PALATAL lowering
Superior Constrictor
Pharyngeal Muscle
weakest, but most complex of three
4 muscle bundles
action may contribute to VP closure
*****form nasopharyngeal and upper oropharyngeal walls
weakest, but most complex of three
4 muscle bundles
action may contribute to VP closure
*****form nasopharyngeal and upper oropharyngeal walls
Middle Constrictor
Pharyngeal Muscle : 1 of 3 constrictors
origin hyoid bone
***action modify diameter of pharynx
origin hyoid bone
***action modify diameter of pharynx
Inferior Constrictor
Pharyngeal Muscle
origin most from thyroid cartilage
***action may contribute to action of upper esophageal sphincter
origin most from thyroid cartilage
***action may contribute to action of upper esophageal sphincter
Stylopharyngeus
PHARYNgeal Muscle
long slip of muscle
- some fibers pass through to thyroid cartilage
action elevate and dilate pharynx
very stylish to elevate your skirt now.
long slip of muscle
- some fibers pass through to thyroid cartilage
action elevate and dilate pharynx
very stylish to elevate your skirt now.
Muscles of Mastication
act on the mandible
primary mandibular movements are elevation and depression
also, protrusion, retraction, lateral motion
muscles grouped into elevators and depressors
primary mandibular movements are elevation and depression
also, protrusion, retraction, lateral motion
muscles grouped into elevators and depressors
Digastic, Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid,
Lateral(external) Pterygoid
Name the 4 Mandibular Depressors
d, m, g, l
d, m, g, l
Digastric
Mandibular Depressor
also a suprahyoid neck muscle
d
with hyoid bone fixed, will assist in depressing mandible
also a suprahyoid neck muscle
d
with hyoid bone fixed, will assist in depressing mandible
mylohyoid
Mandibular Depressor
also a suprahyoid neck muscle
m
effect on jaw probably minimal, but could assist lowering
also a suprahyoid neck muscle
m
effect on jaw probably minimal, but could assist lowering
Geniohyoid
Mandibular depressor
also a suprahyoid neck muscle
g
with hyoid fixed, may assist in jaw lowering
also a suprahyoid neck muscle
g
with hyoid fixed, may assist in jaw lowering
Lateral(external)Pterygoid
mandibular depressor
origin greater wing of sphenoid & lateral pterygoid plate
course horizontal & posterior
insert condyle of mandible
action protrude mandible by sliding condyle down and forward
- unilateral contraction produces grinding action
origin greater wing of sphenoid & lateral pterygoid plate
course horizontal & posterior
insert condyle of mandible
action protrude mandible by sliding condyle down and forward
- unilateral contraction produces grinding action
Masseter(external Layer)
Mandibular Elevator
most powerful muscle of mastication
thick, flat muscle covering lateral aspect of mandibular ramus
internal and external layers
external layer (bulk of muscle)
origin zygomatic arch
course inferior and posterior
insert angle and lateral surface of ramus
most powerful muscle of mastication
thick, flat muscle covering lateral aspect of mandibular ramus
internal and external layers
external layer (bulk of muscle)
origin zygomatic arch
course inferior and posterior
insert angle and lateral surface of ramus
Masseter(internal layer)
Mandibular elevater
internal layer
origin zygomatic arch
course inferior and anterior
insert upper 1/2 of ramus and coronoid process
action closes jaw
internal layer
origin zygomatic arch
course inferior and anterior
insert upper 1/2 of ramus and coronoid process
action closes jaw
Temporalis
Mandibular elevator
broad, thin muscle on side of skull, over temporal bone
origin TEMPORAL fossa
course fibers converge and pass under zygomatic arch
insert coronoid process
action elevation and retraction
broad, thin muscle on side of skull, over temporal bone
origin TEMPORAL fossa
course fibers converge and pass under zygomatic arch
insert coronoid process
action elevation and retraction
Medial (internal) Pterygoid
Mandibular Elevator
thick, quadrilateral muscle
origin pterygoid fossa & vertical plate of palatine bone
course inferior, posterior, lateral
insert medial surface of ramus and mandibular angle
action elevation
with masseter, forms mandibular sling, strapping mandible to skull
thick, quadrilateral muscle
origin pterygoid fossa & vertical plate of palatine bone
course inferior, posterior, lateral
insert medial surface of ramus and mandibular angle
action elevation
with masseter, forms mandibular sling, strapping mandible to skull
Orbicularis Oris
Facial Expression
***principle muscle acting on lips
oval ring of muscle located within lips
Acts as a point of origin for many other muscles
completely encircles mouth slit
action closes mouth and puckers lips
remaining muscles categorized on basis of orientation
transverse - course horizontally from origin and insert into orbicularis oris
angular - approach corners of mouth obliquely from above or below
vertical - enter corners of mouth from directly above or below
***principle muscle acting on lips
oval ring of muscle located within lips
Acts as a point of origin for many other muscles
completely encircles mouth slit
action closes mouth and puckers lips
remaining muscles categorized on basis of orientation
transverse - course horizontally from origin and insert into orbicularis oris
angular - approach corners of mouth obliquely from above or below
vertical - enter corners of mouth from directly above or below
buccinator
Transverse
Important in swallowing
principle muscle of cheek
deepest muscle of face
origin pterygomandibular ligament
course horizontal, anterior
insert blends with fibers of upper & lower lip
action - compress lips and cheeks against teeth
- draw mouth corner laterally
Important in swallowing
principle muscle of cheek
deepest muscle of face
origin pterygomandibular ligament
course horizontal, anterior
insert blends with fibers of upper & lower lip
action - compress lips and cheeks against teeth
- draw mouth corner laterally
Risorius
Transverse
highly variable
origin fascia covering masseter
course parallel and superficial to buccinator
insert skin and mucosa at mouth corner
action assist in drawing mouth corner laterally
highly variable
origin fascia covering masseter
course parallel and superficial to buccinator
insert skin and mucosa at mouth corner
action assist in drawing mouth corner laterally
Zygomatic Major
Angular
origin surface of zygomatic bone
course inferior, medial
insert orbicularis oris and skin at mouth corner
action draws mouth angle superiorly and laterally (broad Smile)
origin surface of zygomatic bone
course inferior, medial
insert orbicularis oris and skin at mouth corner
action draws mouth angle superiorly and laterally (broad Smile)
Levator Labii Superior
Angular
origin lower margin of orbit
course inferior
insert upper lip, medial to levator anguli oris
action proper elevator of upper lip
origin lower margin of orbit
course inferior
insert upper lip, medial to levator anguli oris
action proper elevator of upper lip
Depressor Labii Inferior
Angular
located beneath lower lip, just lateral to midline
origin mandible, lateral to mental tubercles
course superior and medial
insert lower lip
action draws lower lip inferiorly and laterally
located beneath lower lip, just lateral to midline
origin mandible, lateral to mental tubercles
course superior and medial
insert lower lip
action draws lower lip inferiorly and laterally
Levator Anguli Oris
Vertical
origin lateral to nasal ala
course inferior
insert upper lip, and lower lip at angle
action - draws corner of mouth up
- also assist in mouth closing by drawing lower lip (corner) up
origin lateral to nasal ala
course inferior
insert upper lip, and lower lip at angle
action - draws corner of mouth up
- also assist in mouth closing by drawing lower lip (corner) up
Depressor Anguli Oris
Vertical
superficial to depressor labii inferior
origin mandible, lateral to mental tubercles
course superior
insert orbicularis oris at mouth corner (some fibers cross into upper lip)
action - DEPRESS LIP ANGLE
- also assists to compress lips by drawing upper lip angle down
superficial to depressor labii inferior
origin mandible, lateral to mental tubercles
course superior
insert orbicularis oris at mouth corner (some fibers cross into upper lip)
action - DEPRESS LIP ANGLE
- also assists to compress lips by drawing upper lip angle down
Mentalis
Vertical
origin mental tuberosity of mandible
course superior
insert orbicularis oris, and chin
action wrinkle chin, raises lower lip
origin mental tuberosity of mandible
course superior
insert orbicularis oris, and chin
action wrinkle chin, raises lower lip
Tongue
primary biological function - taste, mastication, deglutition-swallowing
most important and most active of articulators of speech
modifies shape of oral cavity
most important and most active of articulators of speech
modifies shape of oral cavity
Papillae
tongue
projections of dermis covering tongue dorsum
give tongue rough texture
contain taste buds
projections of dermis covering tongue dorsum
give tongue rough texture
contain taste buds
Genioglossus(tongue)
Extrinsic muscle :tongue muscle
forms bulk of tongue tissue
strongest and largest extrinsic muscle
origin mental spines of mandible
course - lower fibers to hyoid bone
- remainder fan out to tongue dorsum
insert - lower fibers to hyoid bone
- remainder into submucous tissue on undersurface of tongue
action - posterior fibers draw tongue forward to protrude tip from mouth
- also to press tip against teeth
- anterior fibers retract tongue
forms bulk of tongue tissue
strongest and largest extrinsic muscle
origin mental spines of mandible
course - lower fibers to hyoid bone
- remainder fan out to tongue dorsum
insert - lower fibers to hyoid bone
- remainder into submucous tissue on undersurface of tongue
action - posterior fibers draw tongue forward to protrude tip from mouth
- also to press tip against teeth
- anterior fibers retract tongue
Styloglossus
Extrinsic muscle:TONGUE muscle
origin STYLOID process of temporal bone
course radiates inferiorly and anteriorly
insert - sides of tongue near dorsum
- blend with fibers of hyoglossus
action - draw tongue UP and back
- may also create troughing
- antagonist to genioglossus
origin STYLOID process of temporal bone
course radiates inferiorly and anteriorly
insert - sides of tongue near dorsum
- blend with fibers of hyoglossus
action - draw tongue UP and back
- may also create troughing
- antagonist to genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Extrinsic Muscle : tongue muscle
origin body & greater horn of hyoid bone
course vertically, diverging slightly
insert lateral submucous tissue of posterior 1/2 of tongue
- becomes continuous with palatoglossus
action retract and depress tongue
origin body & greater horn of hyoid bone
course vertically, diverging slightly
insert lateral submucous tissue of posterior 1/2 of tongue
- becomes continuous with palatoglossus
action retract and depress tongue
Palatoglossus
Extrinsic Muscle : tongue muscle
also referred to as glossopalatine
fibers course from underside of soft palate to sides of tongue
lowers soft palate, or raises back of tongue
also referred to as glossopalatine
fibers course from underside of soft palate to sides of tongue
lowers soft palate, or raises back of tongue
Superior Longitudinal
Intrinsic Muscle : tongue muscle
thin layer of oblique and LONGITUDINAL muscle fibers
lies JUST BELOW mucous membrane of dorsum
origin submucous fibrous tissue close to tongue root
- also median fibrous septum
course anterior
insert fibrous membrane at edges of tongue
action - shorten tongue and turn tip up
- may contribute to trough formation
thin layer of oblique and LONGITUDINAL muscle fibers
lies JUST BELOW mucous membrane of dorsum
origin submucous fibrous tissue close to tongue root
- also median fibrous septum
course anterior
insert fibrous membrane at edges of tongue
action - shorten tongue and turn tip up
- may contribute to trough formation
inferior Longitudinal
Intrinsic Muscle : tongue muscle
fibers lie on UNDERSIDE
of tongue, laterally
action shorten tongue or pull tip down
fibers lie on UNDERSIDE
of tongue, laterally
action shorten tongue or pull tip down
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